River boost for endangered pearl mussel

Jess Anson releasing sea trout into the North Tyne rivers.

Pearl fishing and water pollution from industry have led to a worldwide decline of the pearl mussel.

A healthy population of endangered freshwater pearl mussels is important for water quality – each mussel filters 50 to 70 litres of water. They improve the quality of the habitat, increasing the ecological diversity, which includes juvenile trout and salmon numbers.

The Environment Agency’s Kielder Salmon Centre staff, Richard Bond and Jess Anson, pictured above, have developed a technique to enable pearl mussel larvae to attach to the fish gills, replicating their natural life cycle in the wild.

The larvae will drop off the sea-trout gills towards the end of May where they will settle onto the river bed. Given the right conditions, these juveniles could survive into adulthood and live for up to 100 years.

Around 12,000 one-year-old sea trout, which have been bred at Kielder Salmon Centre, were released last week into North Tyne tributaries of the River Tyne.

The larvae attached to them were harvested from 80 adult mussels which are cared for at the centre.

Kielder Salmon Centre breeds 360,000 salmon and between 10,000 and 20,000 sea trout every year to stock rivers.

Richard said: “The pearl mussel has a complex life cycle which begins as larvae. These larvae, called glochidia, requires salmon or sea trout to host them for the first stage of their development.

“They attach to the gills of trout in the River Tyne between late July and early August, where they remain until the following spring when they drop off the fish’s gills. They need clean water and gravel, and well-oxygenated water where they continue to grow.

“The survival rate for juveniles has declined over the years, which has led to an ageing population, with few mussels under 50 years old.

“This means they are a critically endangered species with only around 30,000 adult mussels in the wild in the North Tyne area and 500,000 across the country.

“This work at the hatchery is to try to increase the numbers of juveniles in the river, boost future numbers, natural reproduction and survival rates in efforts to halt the population decline.”